What is a common side effect of prolonged hypertension?

Prolonged hypertension, or high blood pressure, can lead to a series of detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system and overall health. One significant consequence is the development of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). PVD occurs when there is a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, often due to the damage caused by prolonged hypertension. This damage can impair blood flow to the limbs, potentially leading to pain, ulcers, or even gangrene in severe cases.

Chronic high blood pressure contributes to atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of arteries, which is a key factor in the progression of peripheral vascular disease. Thus, recognizing the impact of elevated blood pressure on peripheral circulation underscores the importance of managing hypertension to prevent such complications.

In contrast, the other options presented do not have a direct connection with the long-term effects of hypertension. Increased muscle mass and improved cardiovascular fitness are typically associated with regular physical activity, while reduced cholesterol levels often result from dietary changes or medications, not directly from hypertension itself. Hence, understanding the consequences of prolonged hypertension is vital for effective prevention and management strategies in healthcare settings.